Understanding Neurodiversity: A Simple Guide to Different Neurotypes

Just like physical characteristics and our personalities, human brains vary and those differences are normal. The term neurodiversity therefore doesn’t refer to a diagnosis but recognition that we all perceive the word and react to it in our own unique way.

However underneath the umbrella of neurodiversity sit several neurotypes that people often hear about. These neurotypes are where a collections of traits or behaviours show up on a frequent enough basis to be classified together and are thus given a name or label to help people understand what they are.

Being neurodivergent simply means your brain processes the world in a way that diverges from what society considers 'typical'. Here’s a simple, stigma-free guide to common neurotypes, what they aren’t, and why understanding them matters.

ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)

Key features:

• Differences in attention regulation (not a lack of attention)

• Internal or external hyperactivity

• Impulsivity or fast-paced decision-making

• Difficulty with executive function (planning, prioritising, switching tasks)

What it isn’t: A lack of discipline, motivation, or maturity. ADHD is a neurodevelopmental difference that affects how the brain regulates stimulation, focus and energy.

Autism (Autistic Spectrum / Autistic Neurotype)

Key features:

• Differences in communication and social interaction

• Pattern recognition, deep focus and specialist interests

• Sensory differences (over- or under-sensitivity)

• Preference for predictability or clarity

What it isn’t: A linear “spectrum” from “less autistic” to “more autistic.” It’s a diverse constellation of traits that show up differently from person to person.

Dyslexia

Key features:

• Differences in reading, spelling and phonological processing

• Often strong strengths in creativity, reasoning, problem-solving and big-picture thinking

What it isn’t: A marker of intelligence. Dyslexic people can be highly articulate, thoughtful communicators even if reading and spelling feel effortful.

Dyspraxia / DCD (Developmental Coordination Disorder)

Key features:

• Challenges with motor coordination

• Difficulties planning and sequencing physical tasks

• Can affect handwriting, organisation, speech timing or coordination

What it isn’t: Clumsiness or laziness. It’s a neurological difference that affects motor planning and sensory integration.

Dyscalculia

Key features:

• Difficulty understanding numbers, quantities and mathematical concepts

• Challenges in estimation, sequencing and direction

• Stronger skills often found in verbal reasoning, creativity or visual thinking

What it isn’t: Being bad at maths. It’s a spatial-numerical processing difference, not a lack of effort.

Dysgraphia

Key features:

• Difficulties with handwriting, spelling, and organising written thoughts

• Challenges forming letters, spacing words, or writing at speed

• Can affect fine motor skills, sequencing, and written expression

• Often strong verbal reasoning, creativity, and problem-solving skills

What it isn’t: Messy handwriting or lack of effort. Dysgraphia is a neurological difference that affects the brain’s ability to plan, organise, and execute written language

Tourette Syndrome / Tic Disorders

Key features:

• Involuntary physical or vocal tics

• Tics often come and go with stress, exhaustion or excitement

• Strong hyper-focus and creativity frequently observed

What it isn’t: Only swearing tics ('coprolalia' is actually quite rare). Most tics are subtle and often misunderstood.

Why Understanding These Neurotypes Matters

It reduces shame - People stop thinking “what’s wrong with me?” and start thinking “oh, this is how my brain works.”

It builds compassion - Understanding differences helps workplaces, families and friendships thrive.

It leads to better support - From communication styles to sensory needs, knowing someone’s neurotype means we can help them feel safe, confident and understood.

It strengthens identity - For many people, finally naming their neurotype feels like coming home. It offers clarity, language and belonging.

Neurodiversity Isn’t About Labels, it’s About Understanding

The purpose of learning about neurotypes isn’t to diagnose yourself or anyone else. It’s to build awareness and acceptance. Every neurotype has its challenges but also its brilliances. When we understand the wiring, we can support the person and that's when the magic happens.

If you are intertested in understanding yourself, or someone to know why not get in touch and we can have a chat.